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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume pests, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly precisely the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to permit ants to maneuver between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests like insects and fleas by using different organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect which are bred in the laboratory and released into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control in addition to being used for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control pests by depriving them of the host plants. It's an important tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts pests, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce insect densities on big industrial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. But successful control by pesticides is not simple; the ideal formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often critical, the procedure of application is important, sufficient coverage and retention on the harvest are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries this website where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and Source therefore are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
